Generating rigorous evidence in fragile and conflict-affected contexts remains both a pressing need and a methodological challenge. Crises ranging from violent conflict to climate shocks and displacement undermine livelihoods, erode food security, and disrupt agrifood systems. Yet these contexts are often data-scarce and highly volatile, limiting the capacity to inform programming with robust evidence. This session brings together four studies that illustrate how innovative evaluation approaches can shed light on the effectiveness of interventions and the

impacts of shocks in some of the most challenging environments. Together, these studies provide new insights into how interventions can strengthen livelihoods, empowerment, and resilience in fragile and conflict-affected settings, while also demonstrating methodological innovations that expand the frontier of impact evaluation in highly challenging contexts. The session will foster discussion on the implications for humanitarian and development programming, and on how to better integrate evidence generation into crisis response and resilience-building efforts.