With an increasing technology maturity, the additive manufacturing (AM) of copper components becomes a viable option if lot sizes, costs, and technological advantages match the peculiarities of AM processes. Beyond AM for standard components, the manufacturing of multi-material components experiences rising research interest. In this study, the current state of multi-material powder bed-based AM with copper and other metallic materials is analyzed. An approach is presented, which allows the combination of AM and conventional processes by manufacturing onto conventionally manufactured substrates made from different materials, as well as the utilization of tailored material properties through AM.

This paper presents a modular design workflow for personalised sports equipment balancing athlete-specific customisation and system-oriented standardisation for existing equipment platforms. A case study of a customised rowing seat for a paralympic athlete forms the foundation of the approach. Integrating athlete 3D-scanning, rapid prototyping, production through 3D-printing and composite reinforcement allow designers to benefit from insights made throughout the design process. The proposed approach offers a replicable framework for inclusive design in adaptive sports and rehabilitation.

This paper applies a dynamic requirements approach to develop a low-cost test machine for Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs). TENGs are an emerging and conceptually elegant energy-harvesting technology that converts mechanical motion into electrical energy, but they lack standardized and accessible test methods. They are sensitive to actuation conditions and the measurement setup, limiting comparability across studies. A dynamic requirements approach treats requirements as provisional and refines them through prototyping, enabling early identification of unknown constraints. Four actuation architectures were built and tested: a modified Prusa MK3 platform, a rack-and-pinion mechanism, a hydraulically transmitted actuator, and a belt-and-pulley rig. Each prototype was evaluated using performance and noise measurements. The resulting requirement updates clarified trade-offs among actuation performance, electrical/mechanical decoupling, and practical complexity.

Individualised additive manufacturing requires designers to operate under user-specific variability that cannot be fully resolved at the outset of development. In engineering design literature, iteration is often treated as a cost to be reduced rather than as a mechanism to structure uncertainty. This paper examines iteration as a component of design reasoning in the context of individualised additive manufacturing. Using the development of a combat helmet liner as an empirical basis, successive iterations are analysed with respect to geometry definition, manufacturability assessment, and energy-absorption characterisation. The findings indicate that iteration does not merely refine solutions but enables the progressive clarification of requirements under variable boundary conditions. The paper contributes an empirical account of how iteration functions as a structured response to design uncertainty in individualised additive manufacturing.